Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in female’s worldwide. The objective of the study was to identify the extent to which selected demographic, hormonal and reproductive factors influence the cause of breast cancer using the logistic regression technique to determine the risk of getting the disease. Two thousand three hundred and ninety seven (2397) women were sampled for the study from the Korle-bu Teaching Hospital, of which 1022 (42.64%) were diagnosed with breast cancer between the periods January 2002 to December 2008. Breast feeding, late menarche, contraceptive usage, and time interval between age at menarche and age at menopause all decreased the risk of breast cancer development (OR = 2.306, <0.0001). Later age at menopause on the other hand increased the risk of breast cancer development. It is recommended that governmental or nongovernmental organizations improve on health education/campaigns about breast cancer to create awareness and reduce mortality.
| Published in | Cancer Research Journal (Volume 2, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.crj.20140205.11 |
| Page(s) | 82-87 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Breast Cancer, Risk Factors, Reproductive History, Family History, Breast Feeding and Logistic Regression
| [1] | Adebamowo C. A. Ajayi O. O.(2000). Breast Cancer in Nigeria.West Afr J Med. Jul-Sep;19(3):179-91. |
| [2] | Albrektsen G, Heuch I, Kvale G.(1995). The short-term and long-term effect of a pregnancy on breast cancer risk: a prospective study of 802, 457 parous Norwegian women. Br J Cancer.;72:480–4. |
| [3] | American Cancer Society(2009), Cancer Facts & Figures for African Americans 2009-2010. |
| [4] | Anim J. T.(1993). Breast cancer in sub-Saharan African Women. Afr J Med Med Sci. Mar;22(1):5-10. |
| [5] | Ansink A. C., Burger C. W.(2007). Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk. J Clin Oncol. Nov 20;25(33):5327. |
| [6] | Anyanwu S. N. C.(2008).Temporal trends in breast cancer presentation in the third world. J Exp Clin CancerRes.; 27(1): 17 |
| [7] | Archampong E. Q.( 1977). Breast Cancer. Ghana Med J.;16(2):63. |
| [8] | Asumanu E, Vowotor R, Naaeder S. B.( 2000). Pattern of breast diseases in Ghana. Ghana Med J.;34:206–209. |
| [9] | Badoe E. A., Baako B. N.( 2000). The Breast. In: Badoe EA, Archampong EQ, da Rocha-Afodu, editors. Principles and Practice of Surgery including pathology in the tropics. Accra: Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School;. pp. 449–477 |
| [10] | Beral V,. 2002Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative re-analysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50,302 women with breast cancer and 96,973 women without the disease. Lancet;360:187-195 |
| [11] | Biritwum R. B., Gulaid J., Amaning A. O.(2000). Pattern of diseases or conditions leading to hospitalisation at the Korle Bu Teaching hospital. Ghana Med J.;34:197–205. |
| [12] | Bowen R. L., Duffy S. W., Ryan D. A.,. Hart I. R., and Jones J. L.(2008) “Early onset of breast cancer in a group of British black women,” British Journal of Cancer, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 277–281,. |
| [13] | Brinton L. A., Brogan D. R., Coates R. J., Swanson C. A., Potischman N., Stanford J. L.(1998) Breast cancer risk among women under 55 years of age by joint effects of usage of 36 oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. Menopause. Fall;5(3):145-51. |
| [14] | Brinton, L. A. (1997) Hormone replacement therapy and risk for breast cancer. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America, 26, 361-78. |
| [15] | Burke W.(2000). Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: A note of caution for high-risk women. JAMA. Oct 11;284(14):1837-8. |
| [16] | Carey L.A., Perou C.M., Livasy C.A., (2006) Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina breast cancer study. JAMA.;295:2492-2502. |
| [17] | Casey P.M., Cerhan J.R., Pruthi S. (2008). Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer. Mayo Clin Proc. Jan;83(1):86-90Chen V. W., P. Correa, R. J. Kurman et al., “Histological characteristics of breast carcinoma in blacks and whites,”Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 127–135, 1994. |
| [18] | Chlebowski R. T., Chen Z., Anderson G. L., (2005). Ethnicity and breast cancer: factors influencing differences in incidence and outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst.; 97:439–48. |
| [19] | Colditz G., Baer H.J, Tamimi R. M.( 2006) editor. Breast Cancer in: Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention: Oxford University Press; |
| [20] | Colditz, G. A., W. C. Willett, D. J. Hunter,M. J. Stampfer, J. E. Manson, C. H. Hennekens, B. A. Rosner, and Speizer F. E. (1993), Family History, Age, and Risk of Breast Cancer: Prospective Data From the Nurses' Health Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine 270(3): 338-343. |
| [21] | Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin D. M.(2001) GLOBOCAN 2000: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide, Version 1.0. IARC Press. Lyon: IARC Cancer Base No. 5; |
| [22] | Ferlay J., Shin H. R., Bray F., Forman D., Mather C. and. Parkin, D. M.(2010) “GLOBOCAN 2008 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide. IARC Cancerbase No, 10,” International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, |
| [23] | Forouzanfar M. H, Foreman K.J , Delossantos A.M., Lozano R., Lopez A.D., Murray C. J. L., Naghavi M. (2011). Breast and cervical cancer in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis; The Lancet, Volume 378, issue 9801,:1461 - 1484, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61351-2 |
| [24] | Garcia-Closas M, Brinton L. A., Lissowska J., Chatterjee N., Peplonska B., Anderson W. F.( 2006). Established breast cancer risk factors by clinically important tumour characteristics. Br J Cancer.; 95:123–9. |
| [25] | Ghartey F. N.(2001). A Cross-Sectional View of Breast Cancer in Ghana.; Mammocare, Ghana. |
| [26] | Gui, G. P. H., Hogben R. K. F., Walsh G., A'Hern R., and Eeles R. (2001). The incidence of breast cancer from screening women according to predicted family history risk: does annual clinical examination add to mammography? European Journal of Cancer 37(13): 1668-1673. |
| [27] | Hall I. J., Moorman P. G., Millikan R. C., Newman B.(2005). Comparative analysis of breast cancer risk factors among African-American women and White women. Am J Epidemiol.; 161:40–51. |
| [28] | Helmrich, S. P., Shapiro,S., Rosenberg L. Kaufman D. W, Scone D. Bain C, Miettinen O, Stolley P. D,. (1983). Risk Factors for Breast Cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 117:35-45 |
| [29] | Hsieh,C. C, Trichopoulos D, Katsouyanni K, Yuasa S. (1990). Age at menarche, age at menopause, height and obesity as risk factors for breast cancer: association and interactions in an international case-control study. Int J Cancer, 46:796-800 |
| [30] | Jatoi, I. (1999). Breast cancer screening. American Journal of Surgery, 177, 518-524. |
| [31] | Kahlenborn C. (2008). Modugno F, Severs WB. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. Mayo Clin Proc. Jul;83(7):849-50. |
| [32] | Kelsey J. L, Horn-Ross P. L.(1993). Breast cancer: magnitude of the problem and descriptive epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev. ;15:7–16. |
| [33] | Kvale G and Heuch I (1988). Menstrual factors and breast cancer risk. Cancer, 62:1625 – 31 |
| [34] | La Vecchia C, Negri E,Palli D, Bruzzi P, Talamini R Dardanoni G. Decarli A, Franceschi S., (1992). The role of age at menarche and at menopause on breast cancer risk: combined evidence from four case-control study. Am Oncol 3:625-9. |
| [35] | Lee HP, Gourley L, Duffy SW, Esteve J, Lee J Day NE, (1992). Risk factors for breast cancer by age and menopausal status: a case-control study in Singapore. Cancer causes and control, 3:313-22 |
| [36] | Lower J.(2008). Hormonal contraceptives--an ongoing matter of research. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. Jul;51(7):779-81. |
| [37] | Muyberry R. M., Stoddard-Wright C.(1992). Breast cancer risk factors among black and white women: similarities and differences. AmJEpidemioll;136:1445-1456 |
| [38] | NCRNM.(2007). Annual Report National Center for Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital.; Accra Ghana |
| [39] | Negri, E., Brage C., La Vecchia C., Franceschi, S., Filiberti R., Montella M.,Falcini F., Conti, E. and Talamini R. (1998). Family history of cancer and risk of colorectal cancer in Italy. British Journal of Cancer, 77(1), 174-179. |
| [40] | Opoku S. Y., Benwell M. and Yarney J. (2012). Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behaviour and breast cancer screening practices in Ghana, West Africa. Pan African Medical Journal.; 11:28 - ISSN 1937-8688. |
| [41] | Paffenbarger R. S., Kompert J. B., Chang H. (1980). Characteristics that predict risk of breast cancer before and after the menopause. Am J Epidemiol, 112:258-68 |
| [42] | Rawal, R., Bertelsen L., and Olsen J. H(2006). Cancer incidence in first-degree relatives of a population-based set of cases of early-onset breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer 42(17): 3034-3040. |
| [43] | Romieu I, Hernadez-Avila M, Lazeano E, Lopez L, Romero-Jaime R (1996). Breast cancer and lactation history in mexican women. Am J Epidemiol, 143:543-52. |
| [44] | Sasieni P. D, Shelton J, Ormiston-Smith N. J, Thomson C. S, Silcocks P. B.(2011). What is the lifetime risk of developing cancer: The effect of adjusting for multiple primaries, |
| [45] | Schatzkin A, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L,. Risk factors for breast cancer in black women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;78:213 – 7. |
| [46] | Swerdlow A.J., De Stavola B. L., Floderus B., Holm N. V., Kaprio J, Verkasalo P. K,. Risk factors for breast cancer at young ages in twins: an international population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002; 94: 1238-46. |
| [47] | Talamin R, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Brosa L, Montella M, Faleini F,nConti E, Rossi C (1996). The role of reproductive and menstrual factors in cancer of the breast before and after menopause. Eur J cancer, 32A:303-10. |
| [48] | Tessaro S, Beria J. U., Tomasi E, Barros A. J.(2001). Oral contraceptive and breast cancer: a case-control study. Rev Saude Publica. ;35(1):32-8. |
| [49] | Trichopoulos D, Macmahon B, Cole P, (1972). Menopause and breast cancer JNCI, 48:605-13 |
| [50] | WHO (2008) Global Burden of Disease 2004 update. http:// www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html. |
| [51] | Wiredu E. K., Armah H. B.(2006). Cancer mortality patterns in Ghana: a 10 –year review of autopsies and hoapital mortality. BMC Public Health; 6:159-165. |
| [52] | Wu SC, Hotes J, Fulton JP, Chen VW, Howe HL, Correa C. (2002). Cancer in North America, 1995-1999. Volume III: NAACCR Combined Cancer Incidence Rates. Springfield, IL: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. |
APA Style
Alice Constance Mensah, Joel Yarney, kaku Sagary Nokoe, Samuel Opoku. (2014). Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in a Pure African Society, Impact of Age, Reproductive History, Family History and Breast Feeding. Cancer Research Journal, 2(5), 82-87. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.crj.20140205.11
ACS Style
Alice Constance Mensah; Joel Yarney; kaku Sagary Nokoe; Samuel Opoku. Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in a Pure African Society, Impact of Age, Reproductive History, Family History and Breast Feeding. Cancer Res. J. 2014, 2(5), 82-87. doi: 10.11648/j.crj.20140205.11
AMA Style
Alice Constance Mensah, Joel Yarney, kaku Sagary Nokoe, Samuel Opoku. Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in a Pure African Society, Impact of Age, Reproductive History, Family History and Breast Feeding. Cancer Res J. 2014;2(5):82-87. doi: 10.11648/j.crj.20140205.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.crj.20140205.11,
author = {Alice Constance Mensah and Joel Yarney and kaku Sagary Nokoe and Samuel Opoku},
title = {Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in a Pure African Society, Impact of Age, Reproductive History, Family History and Breast Feeding},
journal = {Cancer Research Journal},
volume = {2},
number = {5},
pages = {82-87},
doi = {10.11648/j.crj.20140205.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.crj.20140205.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.crj.20140205.11},
abstract = {Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in female’s worldwide. The objective of the study was to identify the extent to which selected demographic, hormonal and reproductive factors influence the cause of breast cancer using the logistic regression technique to determine the risk of getting the disease. Two thousand three hundred and ninety seven (2397) women were sampled for the study from the Korle-bu Teaching Hospital, of which 1022 (42.64%) were diagnosed with breast cancer between the periods January 2002 to December 2008. Breast feeding, late menarche, contraceptive usage, and time interval between age at menarche and age at menopause all decreased the risk of breast cancer development (OR = 2.306, <0.0001). Later age at menopause on the other hand increased the risk of breast cancer development. It is recommended that governmental or nongovernmental organizations improve on health education/campaigns about breast cancer to create awareness and reduce mortality.},
year = {2014}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in a Pure African Society, Impact of Age, Reproductive History, Family History and Breast Feeding AU - Alice Constance Mensah AU - Joel Yarney AU - kaku Sagary Nokoe AU - Samuel Opoku Y1 - 2014/08/30 PY - 2014 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.crj.20140205.11 DO - 10.11648/j.crj.20140205.11 T2 - Cancer Research Journal JF - Cancer Research Journal JO - Cancer Research Journal SP - 82 EP - 87 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-8214 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.crj.20140205.11 AB - Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in female’s worldwide. The objective of the study was to identify the extent to which selected demographic, hormonal and reproductive factors influence the cause of breast cancer using the logistic regression technique to determine the risk of getting the disease. Two thousand three hundred and ninety seven (2397) women were sampled for the study from the Korle-bu Teaching Hospital, of which 1022 (42.64%) were diagnosed with breast cancer between the periods January 2002 to December 2008. Breast feeding, late menarche, contraceptive usage, and time interval between age at menarche and age at menopause all decreased the risk of breast cancer development (OR = 2.306, <0.0001). Later age at menopause on the other hand increased the risk of breast cancer development. It is recommended that governmental or nongovernmental organizations improve on health education/campaigns about breast cancer to create awareness and reduce mortality. VL - 2 IS - 5 ER -
Email: