Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (<i>Catha Edulis</i> Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia

Adane Desta; Almaz Ataklti

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13

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Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia

Adane Desta, Almaz Ataklti

Published in American Journal of Physical Chemistry (Volume 4, Issue 6)

Received: 27 August 2015 Accepted: 8 September 2015 Published: 16 November 2015

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Abstract

This study was conducted with the objective of determining the quantity of selected essential and nonessential metals; Co, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn and K in the leaf and supporting soil of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Samples of three Khat types (Konso, Gidole and Koyra) and soils from their root zone collected from three different sites in southern Ethiopia region were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. K in soil and Khat sample were also determined by flame atomic emission spectroscopy. Known weight of oven-dried Khat samples were wet-digested using 2 mL of (69–72%) HNO₃ and 2 mL of (70%) HClO₄ for 130 min at variable temperatures (120–268 °C). Soil was digested by the procedure, 0.5 g samples of soil were digested with concentrated nitric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, using Kjeldahl digestion block under reflux condenser for 3 h at 300 °C. Both the edible portion of khat leaves and the soils of the study farms showed similar accumulation patterns to some extent, in their contents of the studied macro and micronutrients. Regression analysis and pearson correlation (r) results show a positive correlation Coffecient (R²) values ranging from 0.281 up to 0.991 and for pearson correlation (r) values ranging from 0.244-0.951. Although regressions based on the pooled data from the three Khat types are not adequately correlated with total metal soil levels, better fits were obtained when regression models were used for Konso Khat separately. However, no strong correlations between the leaves and other variables are evident except for Ca and Mg metal contents which have r values of 0.971 and 0.991 respectively with (p<0.01) levels. The concentrations of the metals were also compared with recommended maximum permissible limits and some international reports.

Published in	American Journal of Physical Chemistry (Volume 4, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13
Page(s)	58-64
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Khat, Metals, Soil, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, Southern Ethiopia

References

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[4]	Ayenew A, Gebremariam B., Ephrem E., 2014. Levels of Essential and Toxic Metals in Ethiopian Khat, (catha edulis Forsk.) Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies & Management 7(3): 289 – 297, 2014.
[5]	Belew, M., Kebede, D., Kassaye, M. and Enguoselassie, F. (2000). The magnitude of khat use and its association with health, nutrition and socio-economic status. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 38:11–26.
[6]	Das, K. D., 2007. Micronutrients: Their Behaviour in Soil and Plants.2^ed, Newdelhi, India.
[7]	Ephrem T. Woldemariam, 2010, Trace metals in Ethiopian Khat.: Determination of trace metals in commercially available Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) in Addis Ababa, VDM Verlag.
[8]	Erica E. Balint, 2012. Khat (Catha Edulis) A Controversial Plant: Blessing or Curse?, A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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[10]	Jackson, M.L., 1970. Soil Chemistry Analysis. Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.Sixth printing. pp498.
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[16]	Olowoyo, J.O., E. van Heerden, J.L. Fischer and C. Baker, 2010. Trace metals in soil and leaves of Jacaranda mimosifolia in Tshwane area, South Africa. Atmospheric Environment. 44: 1826-1830.
[17]	Peters, D.W., 1952. Khat: Its history, botany, chemistry and toxicology. J. of Pharm. 196:16–18 & 36–7.
[18]	Rodushkin, I., T. Ruth and A. Huhtasaari, 2007. Comparison of two digestion methods for elemental determinations in plant material by ICP techniques. J. Anal. Chim. Acta. 378: 191–200.
[19]	Santos, J.S., M.L. Santos, M.M. Conti, S.N. Santos and E. Oliveira, 2009. Evaluation of some metals in Brazilian coffees cultivated during the process of conversion from conventional to organic agriculture. Food Chemistry. 115: 1405–1410.
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APA Style

Adane Desta, Almaz Ataklti. (2015). Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Chemistry, 4(6), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13

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ACS Style

Adane Desta; Almaz Ataklti. Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia. Am. J. Phys. Chem. 2015, 4(6), 58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13

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AMA Style

Adane Desta, Almaz Ataklti. Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia. Am J Phys Chem. 2015;4(6):58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13,
  author = {Adane Desta and Almaz Ataklti},
  title = {Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia},
  journal = {American Journal of Physical Chemistry},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {58-64},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpc.20150406.13},
  abstract = {This study was conducted with the objective of determining the quantity of selected essential and nonessential metals; Co, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn and K in the leaf and supporting soil of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Samples of three Khat types (Konso, Gidole and Koyra) and soils from their root zone collected from three different sites in southern Ethiopia region were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. K in soil and Khat sample were also determined by flame atomic emission spectroscopy. Known weight of oven-dried Khat samples were wet-digested using 2 mL of (69–72%) HNO3 and 2 mL of (70%) HClO4 for 130 min at variable temperatures (120–268 °C). Soil was digested by the procedure, 0.5 g samples of soil were digested with concentrated nitric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, using Kjeldahl digestion block under reflux condenser for 3 h at 300 °C. Both the edible portion of khat leaves and the soils of the study farms showed similar accumulation patterns to some extent, in their contents of the studied macro and micronutrients. Regression analysis and pearson correlation (r) results show a positive correlation Coffecient (R2) values ranging from 0.281 up to 0.991 and for pearson correlation (r) values ranging from 0.244-0.951. Although regressions based on the pooled data from the three Khat types are not adequately correlated with total metal soil levels, better fits were obtained when regression models were used for Konso Khat separately. However, no strong correlations between the leaves and other variables are evident except for Ca and Mg metal contents which have r values of 0.971 and 0.991 respectively with (p<0.01) levels. The concentrations of the metals were also compared with recommended maximum permissible limits and some international reports.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia
AU  - Adane Desta
AU  - Almaz Ataklti
Y1  - 2015/11/16
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13
T2  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
SP  - 58
EP  - 64
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2449
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13
AB  - This study was conducted with the objective of determining the quantity of selected essential and nonessential metals; Co, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn and K in the leaf and supporting soil of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Samples of three Khat types (Konso, Gidole and Koyra) and soils from their root zone collected from three different sites in southern Ethiopia region were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. K in soil and Khat sample were also determined by flame atomic emission spectroscopy. Known weight of oven-dried Khat samples were wet-digested using 2 mL of (69–72%) HNO3 and 2 mL of (70%) HClO4 for 130 min at variable temperatures (120–268 °C). Soil was digested by the procedure, 0.5 g samples of soil were digested with concentrated nitric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, using Kjeldahl digestion block under reflux condenser for 3 h at 300 °C. Both the edible portion of khat leaves and the soils of the study farms showed similar accumulation patterns to some extent, in their contents of the studied macro and micronutrients. Regression analysis and pearson correlation (r) results show a positive correlation Coffecient (R2) values ranging from 0.281 up to 0.991 and for pearson correlation (r) values ranging from 0.244-0.951. Although regressions based on the pooled data from the three Khat types are not adequately correlated with total metal soil levels, better fits were obtained when regression models were used for Konso Khat separately. However, no strong correlations between the leaves and other variables are evident except for Ca and Mg metal contents which have r values of 0.971 and 0.991 respectively with (p<0.01) levels. The concentrations of the metals were also compared with recommended maximum permissible limits and some international reports.
VL  - 4
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Adane Desta

Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
Almaz Ataklti

Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia

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Adane Desta, Almaz Ataklti. (2015). Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Chemistry, 4(6), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13

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ACS Style

Adane Desta; Almaz Ataklti. Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia. Am. J. Phys. Chem. 2015, 4(6), 58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13

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AMA Style

Adane Desta, Almaz Ataklti. Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia. Am J Phys Chem. 2015;4(6):58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13,
  author = {Adane Desta and Almaz Ataklti},
  title = {Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia},
  journal = {American Journal of Physical Chemistry},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {58-64},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpc.20150406.13},
  abstract = {This study was conducted with the objective of determining the quantity of selected essential and nonessential metals; Co, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn and K in the leaf and supporting soil of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Samples of three Khat types (Konso, Gidole and Koyra) and soils from their root zone collected from three different sites in southern Ethiopia region were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. K in soil and Khat sample were also determined by flame atomic emission spectroscopy. Known weight of oven-dried Khat samples were wet-digested using 2 mL of (69–72%) HNO3 and 2 mL of (70%) HClO4 for 130 min at variable temperatures (120–268 °C). Soil was digested by the procedure, 0.5 g samples of soil were digested with concentrated nitric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, using Kjeldahl digestion block under reflux condenser for 3 h at 300 °C. Both the edible portion of khat leaves and the soils of the study farms showed similar accumulation patterns to some extent, in their contents of the studied macro and micronutrients. Regression analysis and pearson correlation (r) results show a positive correlation Coffecient (R2) values ranging from 0.281 up to 0.991 and for pearson correlation (r) values ranging from 0.244-0.951. Although regressions based on the pooled data from the three Khat types are not adequately correlated with total metal soil levels, better fits were obtained when regression models were used for Konso Khat separately. However, no strong correlations between the leaves and other variables are evident except for Ca and Mg metal contents which have r values of 0.971 and 0.991 respectively with (p<0.01) levels. The concentrations of the metals were also compared with recommended maximum permissible limits and some international reports.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia
AU  - Adane Desta
AU  - Almaz Ataklti
Y1  - 2015/11/16
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13
T2  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
SP  - 58
EP  - 64
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2449
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13
AB  - This study was conducted with the objective of determining the quantity of selected essential and nonessential metals; Co, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn and K in the leaf and supporting soil of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Samples of three Khat types (Konso, Gidole and Koyra) and soils from their root zone collected from three different sites in southern Ethiopia region were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. K in soil and Khat sample were also determined by flame atomic emission spectroscopy. Known weight of oven-dried Khat samples were wet-digested using 2 mL of (69–72%) HNO3 and 2 mL of (70%) HClO4 for 130 min at variable temperatures (120–268 °C). Soil was digested by the procedure, 0.5 g samples of soil were digested with concentrated nitric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, using Kjeldahl digestion block under reflux condenser for 3 h at 300 °C. Both the edible portion of khat leaves and the soils of the study farms showed similar accumulation patterns to some extent, in their contents of the studied macro and micronutrients. Regression analysis and pearson correlation (r) results show a positive correlation Coffecient (R2) values ranging from 0.281 up to 0.991 and for pearson correlation (r) values ranging from 0.244-0.951. Although regressions based on the pooled data from the three Khat types are not adequately correlated with total metal soil levels, better fits were obtained when regression models were used for Konso Khat separately. However, no strong correlations between the leaves and other variables are evident except for Ca and Mg metal contents which have r values of 0.971 and 0.991 respectively with (p<0.01) levels. The concentrations of the metals were also compared with recommended maximum permissible limits and some international reports.
VL  - 4
IS  - 6
ER  -

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